Hiv And The First Human Immunodeficiency Virus - 1010 Words

HIV Vaccines Strategies The first Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) showed up decades ago, as far as we know. However, there could have been many more infections over the years that were either recorded as unknown cases or got called with a different disease name. Nevertheless, humans have been trying to understand how this tricky virus work and what strategies they can use to prevent or cure the virus. Since it can mutate and adapts so quickly, finding a cure or an antivirus is a challenging task. Therefore, this paper will discuss some of the strategies that are being used to develop a vaccine against this virus, including: strategies that can be done before a person is infected, strategies for immediately after infection, and complete cures. First of all, to develop a vaccine for this virus, scientists took multiple approaches. One of these approaches is to find a way to prevent new HIV infections from happening in the first place. An example of this is the concept of evaluating the bivalent Env (gp120) protein by targeting T-cell responses. This was by introducing strong CTL responses. Although this study, which is called VAX004/VAX004, had some failures and was suspected to increase acquisition among the participants in their study. However, this was of the first studies to induce HIV-specific T cell responses. Although the solution didn’t reduce HIV acquisition among the 75% who received it, the vaccine did in fact impact the virus strains. The final result was thatShow MoreRelatedThe First Case Of Hiv ( Human Immunodeficiency Virus )1508 Words   |  7 Pagesscientific advances, which have stood out among the rest. The first case of HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) was detected in the United States in 1981, and by 1983, it had been documented in South Africa. Starting with only a few cases here and there, it eventually became the largest epidemic of modern history, affecting millions of people around the world. Today it is expected that around thirty seven to forty million people are living with HIV. HIV is a sexually transmitted disease. It is a part of theRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus And Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome1477 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome In 1981, the first cases in the United States of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) developed in Los Angeles and New York (Fraser, Burd, Liebson, Lipschik, Peterson, 2008). The illness presented itself among several homosexual males who developed rare opportunistic infections such as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Kaposi’s sarcoma (Sharp Hahn, 2011). At the time, medical professionals deemed the infections to beRead MoreCommunicable Disease934 Words   |  4 Pagesestimates that 1.1 million Americans are living with HIV and nearly one in five of those are not aware that they are infected (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the virus that causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an infection that slowly destroys the immune system, which makes it difficult for the body to fight off infections. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a communicable disease transmitted throughRead MoreModern Day Methods Of Contracting1113 Words   |  5 Pagesthe SIV virus from these non-human primates is discussed as well. As a result of these transmissions, the human immunodeficiency virus is brought to life. In this paper, this virus and its journey throughout history will be explained. Also, HIV and the different subfields this virus can be classified in are discussed throughout the research. As well as the where this virus was contracted, about the time when, and how it was possible. Also, the modern day methods of contracting this virus are listedRead MoreAIDS/HIV Its Effects on Popular Culture Essay1194 Words   |  5 Pagesinno cent health care worker. Some people may sadly consider their lives extinguished upon contraction of the in-curable virus, others will not let the infection rule their lives. However, the infection is no long-er considered a death sentence in contrast to what many may believe. Many people are igno-rant of the virus and continue to believe what was shared many years ago. What is HIV/AIDS, and what is its history? What is its effects on the body? How can it be, not cured, but treated? Who is atRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) Essay1396 Words   |  6 Pages The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) affects the human wellbeing by attacking the body’s immune system which is the natural defense system in the human body to resist infections. When the immune system is being compromised, the body becomes less capable of fighting diseases, allowing the body to become more susceptible to infections. Different from other viruses that the body can get rid of, HIV will remain in the body for life (Wright and Carnes, 2016). HIV works by attacking the CD4Read MoreHiv And Human Immunodeficiency Virus Essay1208 Words   |  5 PagesHIV has been a pandemic that has affected the world relentlessly for many years in a never-ending circle. HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus, is the virus that is spread through certain bodily fluids and can lead to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). HIV attacks the immune system by destroying CD4+ T cells, which leaves the person infected with HIV vulnerable to other infections, diseases, and other complications.1 Once this virus is acquired, the human can never fully rid itself of thisRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus Type 21523 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 HIV-II Discovered and Isolated In 1985, serological evidence was presented which suggested a virus closely related to simian T-lymphotropic virus type III (STLV-III) infected a man in Senegal West Africa (Barin, M’Boup, Denis 1985). At that time, Senegal, West Africa was a region where AIDS and AIDS-related diseases had been observed (Barin, M’Boup, Denis 1985). The results of the serological evidence suggested that certain healthy Senegalese people were exposedRead MoreMovie Analysis : Forrest Gump 829 Words   |  4 Pagessome kind virus. And the doctor don’t, they don’t know what it is. And there isn’t anything they can do it. (Movie Quotes Database, 2014) Although the director did not tell the audience what Jenny affected, whereas according to the timeline of this movie we can infer that Jenny was dead in 1982, and the doctors did not know what the disease is. This virus could be HIV probably. Until today, the HIV continues to be hazardous virus and no effective treatment to cure. The best way to remedy HIV are earlyRead MoreThe Origin of HIV/AIDS Essay803 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) was once considered a taboo disease that made its appearance in the United States around the late 1970s. Little was known about the virus and it was originally thought to just be found in the gay male community. As more and more research has been done people now understand the virus and realize that it affects men and women as well as all races, ages, and sexual orientation. It is believed that HIV is a mutated form of the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) that

TOEFL Grammar and Structure Practice Quiz

This quiz is for in-class use and does not have the answers provided. Take the interactive version of the TOEFL Grammar Practice Quiz for correct answers and results. Fill In The Blank 1. _____ his illness, John continued to play rugby. DespiteAlthoughEven though 2. After many peace corps teachers return to the States, ___________ professional English teachers. often they becomethey often becomeand often become 3. _______ that the American Indian crossed a land bridge into North America from what is now Russia. It is consideredIt is thoughtIt was thought 4. None of the students _____ a car. hashavehave got 5. _______ the Depression, individual stock ownership was common in the United States. It was duringBy the time ofBecause 6. Never before _____ as rapidly, as during the last three decades. communications have developedhave communications developedhave developed communications 7. It is not yet clearly understood _________ cause obesity. why eating too many hamburgers canwhy can eating too many hamburgerseating too many hamburgers can 8. The Eiffel Tower is ________ the Leaning Tower of Pisa. as popular a tourist attraction thanas popular a tourist attraction asas more popular a tourist attraction as 9. While most New Yorkers believe in ghosts, ______ do not. are a few whothere are a few whichthere are a few that 10. With his first painting Le Temple du Mordu, George Lesereaux _______ to establish himself as a master of pointillism. couldwith abilitywas able 11. ______ Chinese is more difficult to learn than English. It is certain thatCertain it is thatCertainly is 12. Thinker and poet, ___________ the Brinker prize for his poem Alexander in 1976. Claude Pinocchio was awardedwas awarded Claude Pinocchiowas awarded to Claude Pinocchio 13. Research now proves that eating fish and chips is healthier than _______ when eating hamburgers.eating hamburgers.to eat hamburgers. 14. It was ______ Johnny finally gave up. such difficult thatso difficult thatso a difficult test that 15. __________, I would have returned it immediately. If I knew that you wanted to read itI had known that you wanted to read itHad I known that you wanted to read it 16. In the 1990s, _________ its premium position in the world economy. the USA returnedthe USA returned tothe USA returning 17. ___________ in a home where two parents work is a difficult task indeed. Children brought upTo bring up childrenBringing up children 18. There has not yet been any decision made _______ will represent the country at the Olympics concerned athletes chosenas to which athletesthose athletes 19. _____________, Shakespeare was also a prolific writer of sonnets. Noting for his playsFamous playsNoted for his plays 20. The Concorde, which is ______________ jet, can reach New York from London is approximately 2 and 1/2 hours. fastest in the worldthe fastest of the worldthe worlds fastest 21. Scientists _____________ the existence of nano-technology capable of computation at the atomic level. newly have developedhave recently developedhave still developed 22. ___________ is portrayed in Hermann Hesses Steppenwolf. Man searching his soulA man searched his soulA man in search of his soul 23. Despite ____________, Jack continued to lose weight. he increased his food intakeincreasing food intakeincreased food intake 24. Singer and entertainer, ____________ for his beautiful and expressive voice. was Frank Sinatra famousfamous was Frank SinatraFrank Sinatra was famous 25. It is not only important to be on time, __________ courteous when replying to colleagues. but also is it important beingbut is it also important to bebut it is also important to be 26. __________ was this check written? To whoWhomTo whom 27. Children attending private schools ____________ being slightly spoiled. are often accused ofoften accusedare often accused from 28. Diets based on only one basic food element ____________ no diet at all. can be as ineffective thancan be as ineffective ascan be so ineffective than 29. ________________ that James Franklin made his stunning debut. It was LionsIt was in LionsLions it was 30. Considering human history, it ______________ using mass communications. has recently been that manis only recently that man has begunonly recently is that man has begun 31. That test was _________________ . such difficult that I almost failedas difficult that I almost failedso difficult that I almost failed 32. Within Tuscany ___________ Matthew Spender. is written fromwas written fromwas written by More Resources Free Online TOEFL Study GuidesTOEFL Vocabulary Practice QuizTOEFL Grammar Practice Quiz

The Merchants of Cool Essay - 720 Words

In Rushkoff’s film, The Merchants of Cool, he rhetorically questions if â€Å"teenagers even have a culture to call distinctly their own.† In the late 1990’s when the documentary was made, the implication was that they do not. However, with the internet’s advancements and the accessibility of communication with massive amounts of people, teenagers today can form authentic cultures that are not contaminated by the corporate media. When the documentary was produced, media exposure was limited to private and expensive mediums such as television, movies and radio. These outlets were plagued with marketing agendas designed to sell products under the guise of authentic music and entertainment. Formerly non-existent cultural archetypes such as the†¦show more content†¦The media chooses to portray and sell sex, violence, drama and role models because it appeals to teenagers’ biological and evolutionary instincts. The excessive amounts of sex hormon es being produced in teenagers boosts libido causing displays of eroticism to be very alluring. Scenes of action or violence release adrenaline and endorphins for emotional stimulation and teen idols like NSYNC and Edward Cullen portray the ideal mate for many girls. The music presented is mostly homogenous and simple to promote familiarity and emotional response. Had these businesses tried to sell celibacy, indifference and pariahs, their profits would have declined. In The Merchants of Cool, Rushkoff goes to a teenage party to survey rising trends and notices a strange phenomenon. The girls dancing in front of his camera seemed to be selling the same exaggerated sex appeal that corporations were selling to the teenagers. He labeled this sensation a sort of â€Å"giant feedback loop† which implied that, since corporations try to mirror teenage behavior and then pervert that into a more explicit version to sell back, which in turn causes teenagers to emulate the corporationâ €™s behavior, teenagers are incapable of having a genuine culture to call their own, much like the youngShow MoreRelatedThe Merchants Of Cool By Goodman1348 Words   |  6 PagesThe Merchants of Cool The Merchants of Cool (Goodman) is a documentary film that investigates the purchasing and offering of cool as a kind of goods. The shoppers of cool are young people in America. They represent the huge sector in modern marketing; they actually create the marketing dynamics, being profitable consumers. So what is it that makes some companies’ being successful over the other? What are the patterns that find a response among the modern teems? Through this documentary, the hiddenRead MoreThe Merchants Of Cool : Film Review1417 Words   |  6 PagesName: Instructor: Course: Date: The Merchants of Cool The Merchants of Cool is a documentary film that investigates the purchasing and offering of cool as a kind of goods. The shoppers of cool are young people in America. They represent the huge sector in modern marketing; they actually create the marketing dynamics, being a profitable consumers. There are many patterns that switch on the request to purchase particular items made by particular brands. So what is it that makes some companies’ beingRead MoreThe Merchant Of Cool By Barak Goodman And Rachel Dretzin808 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The merchant of cool† is 2001’s special documentary of PBS frontline on culture and mass media, which was produced by â€Å"Barak Goodman and Rachel Dretzin†. This documentary explores the heavily dependence of youth on the mass media. This documentary is about the selling and buying of cool. In America mostly consumers of cool are teenagers. In a certain year, hundred billion dollars of their own money spend by the teen agers. While teens influence their parents and fifty billion dollars were additionalRead MoreThe Media s Influence On American Culture By The Dominate Ideology Of White Middle Class Males875 Words   |  4 Pagesimbedded in our everyday life. I will use two online media stories; the PBS online video, Merchants of Cool, and Yahoo Style as the basis of this essay. The PBS video, Merchants of Cool is about the merchant and media outlets that target the teenage population with their estimated $150 billion annual spending power. The video looks at how these merchants, through both pop-culture and teen surveys (i.e. cool hunting), give the impressionable teenage market what they want and what today’s top fiveRead MoreEssay about King Zethius Meeting1053 Words   |  5 Pagessoon to come. For many months, the king and his advisers have met in one, of many cool, damp secret chambers beneath the Citadel of Splendor to discuss the growing problems with lawless merchants outside Kelmoor Keep. For far too long the wily merchants from Verktus and Westgate have plundered the small independent cities, towns, and farm villages scattered about the lush moorlands of their goods. Some merchants would force the farmers to sell their goods at very low prices through extortion orRead MoreBad Statistics and Deception in the Media988 Words   |  4 Pagesto, as much as, refreshes, comforts, fights, the feel of, looks like, tastes like, and strengthened (Deceptive Advertising: Crossing the Line, 2013). The Teen Market Frontline, a program on the Public Broadcasting System (PBS) aired The Merchants of Cool, an examination of the efforts of corporate America to exploit the teenage market. At the time of the broadcast there were 32 million teenagers in the United States spending 100 billion dollars annually on their own while their parents spentRead MoreIndian Ocean and Silk Road Trade857 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough trade. The Indian Ocean and Silk Road as trade networks were different in terms of the spread of Religion. Along the Indian Ocean trade network, Islam was spread. This happened through Indian merchants who brought Brahmin priests, Arab merchants who brought Muslim scholars and Christian merchants who brought priests. Along with the Islamic religion came the 5 pillars which included the (1) Shahada: testimony and declaration of faith, (2) Salah: prayer five times a day, (3) Zakat: charity toRead MoreDeath in, Death out in Each Puff1712 Words   |  7 Pagesand Disorders). I’m sure if there were to be more advertising about the health risks and the history about cigarettes, people would have a better understanding about what can happen in the long run as a smoker. Like Larry White, the author from Merchants of Death, many Americans are unaware that smoking cigarettes has killed more Americans than those who have died in the wars against our British and Vietnamese enemies. At least 350, 000 Americans were killed by cigarettes in 1986 alone (293,000)Read MoreMcDonalds: The coffee spill Essay848 Words   |  4 Pageslarger as well as give a verbal warning. Maybe they should make the entire wrapper or cup a warning. I cannot however agree to lower the temperature. I feel that if a customer wishes to have a cooler beverage, ask the server to pour a little cool water in it to cool it off. As far as food is concerned, consumers should have the common sense to wait. 6. What is your assessment of the â€Å"Stella Awards?† Is this making light of a serious problem? I think that the Stella awards are funny. They show us whatRead MoreThe Role of Media in Youth Culture in Contemporary Society1309 Words   |  6 PagesA $150 billion dream is how the demographic of teens is described in PBS’ â€Å"Merchants of Cool†. The role that society has given to the media to dictate youth culture has become one of the most lucrative conquests corporations are battling over today. Much like empires throughout history, media empires today have found their ‘Africa’. This paper is an examination of this silent, bloodless conquest through two different sociological lenses. First we will consider the effect of media in youth’s culture

Bullying in Schools Can It Be Stopped - 1913 Words

Bullying in Schools: Can It Be Stopped? Even though schools face cost issues in education of staff and anti-bullying enforcement, bullying is a serious problem that is not being properly addressed. With the shootings at Columbine High School in Colorado, where on April 20, 1999 two students started a massacre where 12 students and one teacher were killed, and suicides in multiple places, it’s clear that bullying causes tragedies. All of the events, in some way, are related to bullying. In recent years, there has been more media coverage of incidences of bullying and its repercussions. There was a girl in Massachusetts named Phoebe Prince that after being bullied for months went home after school on January 14, 2010 and committed†¦show more content†¦However, neither document provides much information on the disciplinary process. It should be more specific about the steps and levels of diciplinary actions.This is not acceptable to me as a parent. For my childs safety at school, I want to know what the school is doing to prevent bullying. My twelve year old son attends Ashland Middle School and has been a victim of bullying. He has been dragged across the floor to the point of bleeding from rug burns, had his fingers slammed in a locker,been slapped in the face, and been verbally bullied. When I approached the staff at the school, little was done to the bullies in question. One was told to apologize and the two others served after school or lunch detention. If I, as an adult caused physical injury to another person, I would go to jail for assualt. The punishment doesn’t seem to fit the crime in our schools. The schools aren’t the only ones responsible for the safety and education about bullying to our children. Parents need to make sure that their children understand that this type of behavior is unacceptable at school and at home. Unfortunately there are parents who don’t exactly know what constitutes bullying. There was an interview done by CBS Sunday Morn ing where the reporter Tracy Smith talks to students, parents and staff at Irving Middle School in Lincoln, Nebraska. The reporter talks to theShow MoreRelatedProposing a Solution Essay Bullying767 Words   |  4 PagesSolution: Bullying Bullying among American elementary, middle and high school students is a growing problem. Bullying has been defined many ways, by many people. One definition is unwanted, aggressive behavior among school aged children that involves a real or perceived imbalance of power. (stopbullying.org). Bullying is a very negative act and honestly needs to be stopped. This essay will provide my solution for the growing bullying problem in our schools. Over the years, bullying has becomeRead MoreBullying Is A Real Problem1065 Words   |  5 PagesBullying In this paper I will be talking about how bullying is a real problem in our world and in our schools today. There are so many ways of bullying now a days. Now that there is new technology people can use cyberbullying because they can say whatever they want, but they don t have to say it too there faces. They can just go online and use their words to hurt people. people. Then, there is the old school bullying like you see in the movies. The victim that is getting bullied is two afraidRead More Bullying Essay example657 Words   |  3 Pagesthen you should know how bullying feels like. Bullying is very negative and creates major problems for our society. Nothing good comes out of bullying. It could very well change or ruin a person’s life. In fact, it does ruin many people’s lives. Kids can be mentally scarred if they are teased often. Even worse, they could be killed or fatally injured if the bullying gets extreme. There are many causes for bullying which must b e taken care of before bullying can be stopped. T.V. violence, familiesRead MoreBullying Is A Social Phenomenon861 Words   |  4 PagesBullying has been a known term for many centuries. For example, what we think of bullying today is completely different from what it used to be. In later times, it actually had a positive meaning. It was a term of endearment like today’s version of sweetheart and so on. However, in modern terms it means something extremely different. â€Å"Bullying is a social phenomenon that transcends gender, age, and culture. While there are wide ranges in the definition of the term, bullying is essentially characterizedRead MorePersuasive Essay On Bullying1203 Words   |  5 Pagesherself from a tree in front of her school bus stop so that her tormentors would see her lifeless swinging corpse. She had allegedly been repeatedly mocked as a ‘slut’ and a ‘whore,’ as well as enduring relentless teasing over the fact that her fat her had been jailed for hitting her† (Goad). Bullying has been a major problem in our society. The power of bullying can ruin someone’s life. Nothing good can ever come from bullying no matter how it happens. Bullying has been around for a long time, andRead MoreCyberbullying Is Becoming More Of A Problem Than Traditional Bullying998 Words   |  4 Pagesis becoming more of a problem than traditional bullying, more kids are getting social media and bullying others each and every day. This type of bullying continues to grow with the amount of technology that is coming out into the world. Cyberbullying does not get taken as serious as traditional bullying. It is becoming a huge problem in this day in age and needs more attention than it is getting. Social media is a huge factor for this type of bullying to take place. Nobody takes it seriously becauseRead MoreThe Effects of Bullying and Why Should It Be Stopped Essay696 Words   |  3 Pageseverybody. I am up here toda y to give you all a speech about school bullying. Basically, my purpose is to tell you all more about the effects of school bullying and why should it be stopped. Do you all know that one in every four children is a victim of bullying? (P2, Neurotic Ramblings) From the 519 students surveyed by the organization, 129 claimed they had been bullied. (P2, Sunday times 16/7/2006) School bullying is a kind of bullying which happens in an educational environment. The behaviour mustRead MoreBullying Is A Serious Social Problem911 Words   |  4 PagesBullying is a serious social problem that happens in schools between adolescents. Bullying is not taken seriously and often dismissed. The perpetrator and the victim are expected to work out the situation on their own. There are many forms of bullying such as physical, verbal, social, and cyber. The perpetrators can have a negative effect on the victim for many years and possibly even life. Despite numerous â€Å"anti-bullying† advertise ments and campaigns, bullying is an important social issue that occursRead MoreBullying Is The Main Reason People Bully Essay1377 Words   |  6 PagesBullying is one of the worst things you can go through. It is where someone who is insecure, jealous, or going through something or whatever is happening and call people names or hit them or just be rude and cruel to them because they think it’s funny but it’s not. Or it’s just to make people feel bad or make them feel insecure about themselves or want to change themselves in any way possible to fit in which is really sad that you think that you should change yourself just to fit in you should embraceRead MoreBullying : The Worst Things You Can Go Through Essay1386 Words   |  6 PagesJames Watson MGRP English 4 1 December 2016 Bullying Bullying is one of the worst things you can go through. It is where someone who is insecure, jealous, or going through something or whatever is happening and call people names or hit them or just be rude and cruel to them because they think it’s funny but it’s not. Or it’s just to make people feel bad or make them feel insecure about themselves or want to change themselves in any way possible to fit in which is really sad that you think that you

Biodiversity and Biotechnological Process

Question: Discuss about the Biodiversity and Biotechnological Process. Answer: Introduction: Kluyveromyces marxianus is a yeast species that was earlier called Kluyveromyces fragilis. The yeast has roles in cheese ripening, as a probiotic that boosts immunity and as an inoculum for whey, a dairy by-product to produce several bio-ingredients. It is a versatile yeast and can utilize a variety of substrates, its rate of growth is rapid and it can grow well at temperatures up to 400 C. The organism is generally regarded as safe and is therefore appropriate for fermentations in the food and pharmaceutical industries (Fonseca, et al., 2007). K. marxianus is an aerobic respiring and Crabtree negative yeast. Kluyveromyces marxianus plays a key role in the ripening of cheese along with other yeasts of importance in the dairy industry that include Kluyveromyces lactis, Yarrowia lipolytica, and Debaryomyces hansenii. The yeasts ferment lactose and increase the pH by utilizing the lactic acid produced during fermentation. The yeasts also release enzymes that are lipolytic, proteolytic and autolytic. The rise in pH allows acid-sensitive bacteria to act on the cheese during the process of ripening. The main distinctive feature of K. marxianus is that it produces the enzyme -galactosidase even in the absence of lactose (Tofalo, et al., 2014). The yeast Kluyveromyces marxianusis is a versatile organism and is employed for a variety of applications in the industry. It is used in the production of ethanol, cell protein, bioingredients, inulinase, lactase, lipase, pectinase and aromatic compounds (Fonseca, et al., 2007). An important application of the yeast is in reducing lactose content of various food products. Important applications of K. marxianus have been proposed in the production of oligonucleotides that can be used as flavour enhancers. The production of oligosaccharides from whey for use s prebiotics can help to stimulate the growth of Bifidobacterium sp. in human intestines. The proteolysis of whey protein can yield oligopeptides that can act as immunostimulators (Belem Lee, 1998). Kefir and koumiss are fermented milks that contain the lactose fermenting yeast K. marxianus (Kumura, et al., 2004). The presence of microorganisms in kefir prevents the spoilage and the development of pathogenic bacteria due to presence of antibiotics and bctericidal compounds in kefir. It is therefore consumed for treatment of diarrhoea caused by Clostridium difficile. Kefir inhibits formation of Aspergillus flavus and the formation of aflatoxin B1. Its role in food preservation is considered to be important (Prado, et al., 2015). While K. marxianus is an important yeast in the ripening of cheese, it is known to cause defects in flavour and texture of the soft cheeses. It can deteriorate the quality of some cheeses and make them gassy due to the production of fermentative gases(Boekhout Robert, 2003). It is interesting to note that the same species of yeast can contribute to the ripening of one kind of cheese on one hand and cause the spoilage of other kinds of cheese on the other hand. marxianus is an yeast species that has been employed for several applications in the dairy and food industries. It has been used to ripe cheese, ferment milk to form kefir and koumiss and for the production of several enzymes. Lactic acid bacteria Lactic acid bacteria are found adventitiously in natural milk and have been used to produce several dairy products that involve fermentation of milk. The lactic acid is produced due to the fermentation of the milk sugar- lactose into lactic acid. The production of lactic acid lowers the pH of milk and results in the separation of milk proteins from whey. The reduced moisture of milk proteins and the lowering of pH helps to prevent the spoilage of milk proteins. The whey can be removed and the milk solids can be processed further to form cheese. Curd, yoghurt, ayran, kefir and koumiss are traditional and industrially produced fermented milk products that employ the lactic acid bacteria for the fermentation of milk. Certain species of yeasts may also play a role in the formation of these products. The production of bacteriocins by the lactic acid bacteria further protects the fermented milk products from spoilage or the growth of pathogens (Cogan, et al., 1997). The production of lipases, proteases and exopolysaccharide are characteristics of lactic acid bacteria that help in cheese making. The several amino acids required for the growth of starter culture become available through the breakdown of the milk protein. Since lactic acid bacteria fall in the category of generally regarded as safe bacteria, the bacteriocins produced are broad- spectrum and are widely employed in the food industry. Bacteriocins that remain stable at higher temperature and can remain active at low pH are particularly useful in the food processing industry. The exopolysaccharides produced by lactic acid bacteria are useful in production of fermented milks such as, kefir and ayran. Lactic acid bacteria through the process of fermentation, help to prolong the shelf life of milk which is highly perishable. Some examples of Lactic acid bacteria include Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus lactis. Lactic acid bacteria used for preparation of yoghurt are Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus. Lactic acid bacteria used for the production of cheese include both mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria. The mesophilic genera are Lactococcus and Leuconostoc while Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactococcus lactis are genera that are thermophilic. The flavours of yoghurt and cheese are imparted by the lactic acid bacteria. Bacterial or yeast species that cause ripening of cheese also play a role in imparting flavour and developing the texture of the cheese. The probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria pro vide several health benefits. Lactic acid bacteria fermented milk products are consumed all over the world, some examples include, Kumis (Columbi), Maasai and Susaac (Kenya), Lben (Morocco) and Ayran (Turkey).Since fermented milk products are rich in Calcium, these are an important component of food (Widyastuti, et al., 2014). Some products help in lowering cholesterol and treating conditions like diarrhoea. The lactic acid bacteria are therefore useful in prolonging shelf life of milk, prepartion of probiotic foods, production of bacteriocins that can stop the growth of spoilage bacteria or pathogenic microorganisms. The use of lactic acid bacteria in preparation of ethnic foods and as commercial inocula or starter cultures has long been practised. Development of newer fermented foods also employs LABs. References Belem, M. Lee, B., 1998. Production of Bioingredients From Kluyveromyces Marxianus Grown on Whey: An Alternative. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 38(7), pp. 565-598. . Boekhout, T. Robert, V., 2003. Yeasts in Food. 1 ed. s.l.: Behr's Verlag, . Cogan, T. et al., 1997. Characterization of the lactic acid bacteria in artisanal dairy. Journal of Dairy Research , Volume 64, pp. 409-421. Fonseca, G., Gombert, A., H. E. Wittmann, C., 2007. Physiology of the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus during batch and chemostat cultureswith glucose as the sole carbon source. FEMS Yeast Research, Volume 7, pp. 422-435. Kumura, H. et al., 2004. Screening of Dairy Yeast Strains for Probiotic Applications. Journal of Dairy Science, Volume 87, p. 40504056. Prado, M. et al., 2015. Milk kefir: composition, microbial cultures, biological activities, and related products. Frontiers in Microbiology, Volume 6, p. 1177. Tofalo, R. et al., 2014. The predominance, biodiversity and biotechnological properties of Kluyveromyces marxianus in the production of Pecorino di Farindol cheese. International Journal of Food Microbiology , Volume 187, p. 4149. Widyastuti, Y., Rohmatussolihat Febrisiantosa, A., 2014. The Role of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Milk Fermentation. Food and Nutrition Sciences , Volume 5, pp. 435-442.

ALL QUIET ON TE WESTERN FRONT Essay Example For Students

ALL QUIET ON TE WESTERN FRONT Essay All Quiet on the Western Front is a book written by Erich Maria Remarkque. It was a book written to reflect the human cost of war. It shows us how war has a hidden face that most people do not see until it is too late. In the novel, he describes a group of young men who at first think war is glorious. But as the war drags on, the group discovers how war is not all it is set out to be. As the war went on, they saw their friends either die or be permanently wounded. Then the end comes when there was only one person left. All Quiet on the Western Front takes place in Germany where a group of young boys are first encouraged to join the military. Thinking that it would be a great adventure, they enlisted, not knowing the fate that lies before them. At first, the group is sent to training. They arent in a serious mood, thinking that war conditions arent as bad as they really are. When the boys are sent to the front, it is only then when they start to realize how war is not great. This is w hen the boys are cramped into the trenches. Some of the soldiers were shell-shocked because of the constant bombardment. When one of the boys was wounded, he was taken to a hospital where there were many wounded soldiers. Some soldiers had to have parts of their bodies amputated in order to survive. When Kemmerich was in the hospital, Mller ask for his pair of boots. The boots was a visible reminder to the boys of the cost of war. Paul then has to face his own conscience when he kills one of the Frenchmen. He doesnt see the face of an enemy but just a face of another human being. He tries to comfort himself by promising to help the fallen soldiers family. After Paul is relieved from the front line, he decides to go on leave and return home. But when he tries to tell everyone of the horrible conditions of the trenches, everybody either laughs him off or calls him a coward. Paul returns before his leave actually ended, wishing that he had never come home. In the end, when Paul loses K at, Paul realizes that the war has destroy his way of life. He has lost all his friends and has nothing to return to. There were many symbols and images in All Quiet on the Western Front. Examples of this include the pair of boots and the constant urge for companionship. The pair of boots and the fact that it was passed around so often tells us that death was a very common occurrence during the war and that the soldiers wanted to use everything then could find in order to aid their chances of survival. The urge for companionship is shown when the group crosses the river to see the French girls and when the group sees the picture of the girl while having a drink. As the boys start being killed in the war, the group wished that everything could that they could be back home doing things they enjoy. The pictures serve as a reminder that war disrupts everything, from peoples lives and their dreams and ambitions. The major theme of the novel All Quiet on the Western Front is that war must be avoided at all cost because of the severe consequences that will arise. War causes people to lose friends, makes people worried and creates a feeling of uncertainty among innocent people. War also creates hatred among people. For example, two friends of different nationalities may become bitter enemies only because their respective countries are at war. I think the novel All Quiet on the Western Front is a well told story, mixing both fiction and non-fiction into a powerful novel which forces people to think deeply about war and all of its possible repercussions. The book makes me think of all the lost talent that was lost during the war. Even though levels of technology increases exponentially, we have to wonder what the people who died in the war could have done to help the human cause. The novel also tells us that friendship always prevails even though tough times. I would recommend this book to anyone who thinks that war can be short and glorious. Through this book, any read er can see that war brings unnecessary death to innocent people (soldiers and civilians). After reading the book, the reader will probably have a different outlook on war and all the low points that it brings. From this book, I have learned that anything that can cause harm to a person should be avoided at all cost and only be used when every single option has been considered. This can even be applied to everyday life. When a person has a dispute with someone else, it is best to try to talk it over first or else the consequences for both may be disastrous. Through this book, we, as human beings, should find attempt to find solutions through discussion and compromise instead of warfare. Countries in war may feel that they are gaining a lot through wars but what they fail to see is the losses they have suffered. 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